Are Psychological Variables and Time Since Surgery Related to Rotator Cuff Strength and Functional Performance in Cadets After Shoulder Stabilization Surgery?

Background: Traumatic shoulder instability is a common injury in the general population and the military. Surgical stabilization surgery reduces recurrence rates compared with nonsurgical management. Time since surgery is generally the primary measure of return to sport. There is a gap in knowledge on psychological variables and time since surgery and their relationship to rotator cuff strength and functional performance. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that, after shoulder stabilization surgery, psychological factors and time since surgery will be associated positively with objective physical performance tests, that physical performance will differ significantly between postsurgery cadets and healthy controls, and that surgical stabilization of the nondominant arm will demonstrate greater range of motion deficits than surgical intervention on the dominant arm. Study Design: Case-control study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: The 52 participants (26 postsurgical 6-24 months after surgery and 26 healthy controls) were all military cadets. Outcome measures were patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, isometric strength, and functional performance. Results: No significant relationships existed between time since surgery and psychological factors to rotator cuff strength or functional performance. Significant differences were found between groups in self-reported outcomes, including the Shoulder Instability Return to Sport After Injury scale, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, quickDASH, flexion and external rotation (ER), and ER limb symmetry. Those who received dominant-sided shoulder surgery demonstrated a greater mean active range of motion deficit than those who received nondominant-sided surgery. Both groups demonstrated a significant loss in ER, but dominant-sided surgical participants also demonstrated significant flexion loss. Conclusion: Time since surgery and psychological variables did not demonstrate a relationship to rotator cuff strength and functional performance. Significant differences existed between the stabilization surgical participants and healthy controls in all patient-reported outcomes. Surgical participants with dominant-sided shoulder surgery demonstrated a greater mean motion deficit when compared with those who received nondominant-sided surgery.