What is hybrid work? Towards greater conceptual clarity of a common term and understanding its consequences

The concept of ‘hybrid work’, characterized by ongoing alternation between traditional and non-traditional work modes, has gained significant attention in recent research. Despite its growing relevance, a consistent and coherent conceptualization of hybrid work remains elusive. This article aims to address this gap by offering a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of hybrid work, contributing to conceptual clarity in its application. We draw on an extensive literature review to propose a definition of hybrid work that encompasses dynamic switches across three dimensions: modality (analog/face-to-face vs. digital/virtual), location (office/co-located vs. non-office/distributed), and temporality (constrained/synchronous vs. unconstrained/asynchronous). Building on existing literature and our dynamic, three-dimensional, and multilevel definition of hybrid work, we reinterpret key findings within the HRM domain, illustrating how our framework brings clarity to previously ambiguous aspects of hybrid work. This reinterpretation not only underscores the theoretical contributions of our definition but also identifies new research directions inspired by these insights.