Turbulent Flow Heat and Mass Transfer of CuO -Water Nano Fluid Through a Square Channel with Heated Inner Triangular Groove

Abstract This study investigates the turbulent flow heat and mass transfer characteristics of CuO–Water nanofluid in a square channel with an inner triangular groove that is continuously heated. By applying a transverse magnetic field, the governing coupled and nonlinear equations are solved using the Galerkin finite element method across various flow regimes, including laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows. The analysis provides comprehensive insights into the effects of different parameters through stream plots and contour plots. The heat transfer rate, represented by the Nusselt number (Nu), is graphically presented for the heated inner triangular groove and thoroughly discussed. Results indicate that the flow rate significantly influences heat transfer, particularly in transitional and turbulent regimes, with notable effects observed in both the upper and lower parts of the channel. Optimal heat transfer is achieved at a 3% concentration of CuO nanoparticles, highlighting the potential for enhanced thermal performance in such configurations.