Detection and Analysis of Anomalous Behavior in On-Orbit Satellites Using AI Algorithms

The increasing deployment of satellites for essential applications necessitates robust anomaly detection to maintain their operational integrity. Traditional methods, which depend on manual monitoring and predefined thresholds, often prove inadequate in the complex space environment. This paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms to improve the detection and analysis of anomalous behavior in on-orbit satellites. AI, especially through machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), provides advanced capabilities for processing extensive telemetry data and identifying intricate patterns. By leveraging historical data, AI systems can establish normal operational parameters and detect deviations indicating potential anomalies. Techniques such as supervised and unsupervised learning are employed to develop models with high predictive accuracy. Furthermore, AI facilitates root cause analysis by correlating anomalies with operational conditions or external factors, enabling effective corrective measures. The integration of AI also promotes autonomous satellite operations, which are crucial for deep-space missions. This advancement enhances satellite reliability and safety, supporting sustainable and progressive space exploration. In this research, machine learning algorithms were employed to develop the proposed anomaly detection system. The system aims to detect subtle failures in the spacecraft’s attitude dynamics system, particularly in the reaction wheel subsystem, by learning solely from the spacecraft's nominal behavioral data. The system was developed from a small satellite's attitude dynamics control system, which may exhibit bearing failures in the reaction wheels. Two types of anomaly detection systems were introduced: a two-sided learning anomaly detection system and a one-sided learning anomaly detection system. For this study, a two-sided learning anomaly detection system was developed using the Logistic Regression (LR) method. This provided a foundation for the training process using a machine learning approach. By learning from both nominal and failure behaviors of the satellite, the system was designed to detect small reaction wheel friction failures effectively.