Pharmacological Potentials and Formulation Strategies of Euphorbia hirta

Euphorbia hirta, commonly known as asthma weed or garden spurge, has a rich history in folk medicine, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Its diverse pharmacological properties, stemming from a rich composition of bioactive substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic acids, have attracted significant attention within the scientific community. Various extraction methods, including solvent extraction, steam distillation, and chromatography, have been used to isolate these compounds, leading to the creation of formulations with significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects. This review explores the chemical makeup, traditional applications, and pharmacological prospects of Euphorbia hirta, with a focus on the latest advances in extraction techniques and formulation approaches. It also emphasizes the need for continued research on the plant, suggesting that further studies could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents from this versatile species.