Assessment of Urban Green Space Dynamics in Dhaka South City Corporation of Bangladesh Using Geospatial Techniques

Green spaces play a critical role in enhancing the urban environment, improving livability, and providing essential ecosystem services. A city should have at least 25% green space from an environmental and health point of view. However, quantitative estimation is required to assess the extent and pattern of green space changes for proper urban management. The present study aimed to identify and track the changes in urban green spaces within the Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) of Bangladesh over a 30-year period (i.e., 1991–2021). Geospatial techniques were utilized to analyze green space dynamics using Landsat 4–5 TM satellite images from 1991, 2001, and 2011 and Landsat 8 images from 2021. Supervised image classification techniques and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis were performed to assess the urban green space dynamics in DSCC. The results of our study revealed a significant 36.5% reduction in vegetation cover in the DSCC area over the study period. In 1991, the green area coverage in DSCC was 46%, indicating a relatively healthy environment. By 2001, this coverage had declined sharply to 21.3%, further decreasing to 19.7% in 2011, and reaching a low of just 9.5% in 2021. The classified maps generated in the study were validated through field observations and Google Earth images. The outcomes of our study will be helpful for policymakers and city planners in developing and applying appropriate policies and plans to preserve and improve urban green spaces in DSCC in Bangladesh and other Asian megacities with high population density.