Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): Environmental Modifiable Risk Factors

Abstract: Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a pervasive, complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, and the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite extensive research, its multifactorial etiology, involving both genetic and environmental components, remains complex and not fully understood. Objectives: This study aims to explore the interaction between genetic predispositions and non-genetic risk factors in the development of AD. It seeks to identify key modifiable risk factors and evaluate their impact on disease onset and progression, while emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in understanding and mitigating AD. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The study focused on analyzing review articles, meta-analyses, original and clinical studies relevant to AD's risk factors. Data were synthesized to identify significant patterns and interactions affecting AD onset and progression. Results and Discussion: Genetic factors, including mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, and allelic variants such as APOE4, contribute significantly to AD risk. Non-genetic factors, including advanced age, female sex, harmful behaviors (e.g., smoking, chronic alcoholism), chronic stress, exposure to solvents and pesticides, and associated diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), also play crucial roles. The study highlights the interaction between these factors, noting that while genetic predispositions establish a baseline risk, environmental and behavioral influences can modulate the disease’s onset and progression. Conclusion: Understanding the multifactorial nature of AD requires addressing both genetic and modifiable risk factors. Effective management and prevention strategies should focus on reducing exposure to harmful environmental factors and modifying lifestyle behaviors. Enhancing public awareness and implementing preventive measures are critical for mitigating the impact of AD and improving patient outcomes. Further research is essential for developing targeted therapies and preventive strategies.