Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Abstract This paper investigates the interplay of human and technological elements performing functions within socio‐technical systems. With rapid technological advancements, understanding the various possible human‐technology configurations, and their unique implications, is crucial. This research proposes a conceptual schema to demarcate particular kinds of human‐technology relationships, as it pertains to function allocation, and aims to guide system design and risk management. The Human‐Technology Spectrum (HTS) framework considers a continuum of systemic risks, lifecycle management strategies, and evaluation processes, offering a valuable resource for engineers and designers. For each stage along the HTS, we provide examples and discuss function across types of sociotechnical systems. We conclude with a discussion on the importance of understanding the tradeoffs between humans versus technologies enacting system functions.
Troxell et al. (Mon,) studied this question.