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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks among the top contributors to cancer-related mortality globally. Recently, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has achieved groundbreaking progress in the treatment of NSCLC, significantly improving patient outcomes. This review explored the mechanisms of immunotherapy in NSCLC, with a focus on the roles of the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. The discussion then shifted toward the currently approved and investigational immunotherapy drugs, including Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Atezolizumab. Subsection sections review the recent progress of research on novel immunotherapeutic agents and biomarkers and discuss the side effects of immunotherapy. Finally, we provide an outlook on the prospects of NSCLC immunotherapy, exploring how precision medicine and personalized treatment strategies can further enhance therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, immunotherapy for NSCLC has made significant advancements in both mechanistic research and clinical application.
Palwasha Habib (Wed,) studied this question.