Use of legal characteristics of human dignity

Value denotes the desired and appropriate, as opposed to the existing, real. To understand the nature of value, the realization that the understanding of reality and truth does not have a clear answer to the question “what is value?” became paramount. Truth answers the question of what reality is, and value answers the question of what is desirable or how something should be. The discovery of the impossibility of representing meaning from a description of what exists (or does not exist) belongs to the English thinker Hume, which became commonly known as Hume’s law. The difference between truth and value has acquired the status of a “fact-value” problem. In the philosophy of the 20th century, there were always attempts to overcome the chasm that separates the world of empirical reality and the world of values. Some modern philosophers are not inclined to consider this gulf as absolute. By the end of the 19th century value was considered in the context of metaphysics, theology or epistemology, that is, the nature of value was not special, so philosophers did not need a special term to denote value. The 20th century inherited two fundamental groups of concepts regarding the interpretation of the nature of value - objectivist and subjectivist. The line of objectivist understanding of value was initiated by Plato: he understood the idea of good as fundamentally indistinguishable from other ideas, and therefore indistinguishable from truth; the exclusivity of this idea was that, according to Plato, it crowned the hierarchy of all other ideas. In medieval Thomistic theology, the ideas that God released into the world as a result of the act of creation of the whole world and through the appearance of Christ - in particular, through God’s Testament - were considered valuable. In modern philosophy, in contrast to ancient and medieval philosophy, a predominantly subjectivist understanding of value has been established. According to this position, value belongs to mental objects, the source of which are our desires, interests, feelings, as well as our attitudes. This line of understanding of the nature of value is recognized by many prominent philosophers of the New Age and the beginning of the 20th century: Leibniz, Spinoza, Hobbes, utilitarian philosophers, Perry, Meinong, Stevenson, logical positivists (Iyer, Russell). These philosophers have offered several different versions of the subjectivist interpretation of value: value is a hidden command or order, the source of value is a feeling; the source of value is desire and satisfaction, interests.