Turkish coffee has an antitumor effect on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women. Its pathogenesis includes several pathways in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Some clinical data have indicated the association between coffee consumption and decreased cancer risk. However, little data is available on the effect of coffee on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In our study, we assessed the effect of Turkish coffee and Fridamycin-H on different pathways in breast cancer, including apoptosis, proliferation, and oxidative stress. A human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was treated for 48 h with either coffee extract (5% or 10 v/v) or Fridamycin-H (10 ng/ml). Ehrlich solid tumors were induced in mice for in vivo modeling of breast cancer. Mice with Ehrlich solid tumors were treated orally with coffee extract in drinking water at a final concentration (v/v) of either 3%, 5%, or 10% daily for 21 days. Protein expression levels of Caspase-8 were determined in both in vitro and in vivo models using ELISA assay. Moreover, P-glycoprotein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) protein expression levels were analyzed in the in vitro model. β-catenin protein expression was analyzed in tumor sections using immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) serum levels were analyzed using colorimetry. RESULTS: Both coffee extract and Fridamycin-H significantly increased Caspase-8, P-glycoprotein, and PPAR-γ protein levels in MCF-7 cells. Consistently, all doses of in vivo coffee treatment induced a significant increase in Caspase-8 and necrotic zones and a significant decrease in β- catenin, MDA, tumor volume, tumor weight, and viable tumor cell density. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that coffee extract and Fridamycin-H warrant further exploration as potential therapies for breast cancer.