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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of earthing systems as defined by international standards. It involves the calculation of fault currents and contact voltages, the selection of suitable electrical protection for each system type, and an evaluation of the currently implemented systems. The research highlights the distinctions in system performance, focusing on supply continuity and the corresponding protection mechanisms. It also addresses methods for defining neutral points in both high and low voltage networks. Furthermore, the study examines the effectiveness of protective devices during ground faults, including the implications of unearthed neutral systems. Both existing and proposed methods of protection are discussed, with particular emphasis on the utilization of derivatives of transient waves for safeguarding against atmospheric disturbances. The role of earthing in ensuring public safety during work on electrical equipment is explored, addressing the prevention of direct and indirect contact, protection against overcurrent and overvoltage, mitigation of electric shock risks, and safeguarding of both personnel and equipment from electrical discharges. This research incorporates international standards and measurements, applying them to grounding systems used globally. The findings lead to scientific, economic, and safety-related conclusions, culminating in recommendations for the optimal use of grounding devices across various settings.
Taha Abdulwahid MAHMOOD (Fri,) studied this question.