Elevated serum albumin-to-creatinine ratio as a protective factor on clinical outcomes among critically ill patients with sepsis: a retrospective study

Background The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of serum albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods This retrospective study analyzed sepsis cases admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University between January 2015 and November 2023. The patients were divided into four groups based on their ACR upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Laboratory data were collected at the time of ICU admission, and the primary outcome measure was in-hospital all-cause mortality. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were generated to illustrate the differences in 30−/60-day mortality among the various groups. Multivariate Cox regression models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized to explore the association between ACR and all-cause mortality in sepsis patients. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the impact of other covariates on the relationship between ACR and all-cause mortality. Results A total of 1,123 eligible patients were included in the study, with a median ACR of 0.169. The in-hospital mortality rate was 33.7%, the ICU mortality rate was 31.9%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 28.1%. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with higher ACR had a significantly lower risk of 30−/60-day mortality (log-rank p 0.001). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses revealed that ACR was an independent predictor of in-hospital death (HR: 0.454, 95% CI 0.271–0.761, p = 0.003), ICU death (HR: 0.498, 95% CI 0.293–0.847, p = 0.010), and 30-day death (HR: 0.399, 95% CI 0.218–0.730, p = 0.003). For each 1-unit increase in ACR, there was a 1.203-fold decrease in the risk of death during the hospital stay. The RCS curve illustrated a non-linear negative correlation between ACR and in-hospital mortality (p for non-linear =0.018), ICU mortality ( p for non-linear =0.005), and 30-day mortality ( p for non-linear =0.006). Sensitivity analysis indicated consistent effect sizes and directions in different subgroups, confirming the stability of the results. Conclusion Low ACR levels were identified as independent risk factors associated with increased in-hospital, ICU, and 30-day mortality in sepsis patients. ACR can serve as a significant predictor of the clinical outcome of sepsis.