Cardiovascular phenotypes in type 2 diabetes: Latent class analysis of the CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial

Abstract Aim To identify unique clinical phenotypes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and investigate their treatment response to canagliflozin using latent class analysis. Methods This was a pooled latent class analysis of the individuals in the CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial. The co‐primary endpoints were hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and the composite of cardiovascular death (CVD) or HHF. Secondary endpoints included three‐point major adverse CV events, its individual components, and all‐cause mortality. We completed Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the effect of canagliflozin across phenotypes. Results Four distinct phenotypes were identified: Phenotype 1 ( n = 966, 6.6%), with the lowest prevalence of heart failure, kidney dysfunction and hypertension; Phenotype 2 ( n = 4169, 28.7%), primarily comprising females with a high prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASCVD); Phenotype 3 ( n = 7108, 48.9%), predominately males with a high prevalence of ASCVD; and Phenotype 4 ( n = 2300, 15.8%), possessing the highest prevalences of HF and renal dysfunction. A hierarchical increase in the risk of the primary endpoint was observed across the phenotypes, with the highest CV risk observed for Phenotype 4 (hazard ratio for HHF: 7.57 95% CI: 4.19‐13.69). Canagliflozin significantly reduced HHF and the composite CVD or HHF across phenotypes (all P values for interaction > .05). Conclusion We identified four clinically distinct T2D phenotypes with differential CV risks. Canagliflozin reduced the risk of CV events, irrespective of the phenotype, emphasizing its broad therapeutic acceptability.