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Historical land cover (LC) maps are significant geospatial data sources used to understand past land characteristics and accurately determine the long-term land changes that provide valuable insights into the interactions between human activities and the environment over time. This article introduces a novel open LC benchmark dataset generated from very high spatial resolution historical Hexagon (KH-9) reconnaissance satellite images to be used in deep learning (DL)-based image segmentation tasks. This new benchmark dataset, which includes very high-resolution (VHR) mono-band Hexagon images of several Turkish and Bulgarian territories from the 1970s and 1980s, covers a large geographic area. Our dataset includes eight LC classes inspired by the European Space Agency (ESA) WorldCover project except for the tree class, which we divided into subclasses, namely agricultural fruit trees and other trees. We implemented widely used U-Net++ and DeepLabv3+ segmentation architectures with appropriate hyperparameters and backbone structures to demonstrate the versatility and impact of our HexaLCSeg dataset and to compare the performance of these models for accurate and fast LC mapping of past terrain conditions. We achieved the highest accuracy using U-Net++ with an SE-ResNeXt50 backbone and obtained an F1-score of 0.8804. The findings of this study can be applied to different geographical regions with similar Hexagon images, providing valuable contributions to the field of remote sensing and LC mapping. Our dataset, related source codes, and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/RSandAI/HexaLCSeg and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11005344.
Sertel et al. (Sun,) studied this question.