Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusion Patients: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) presents a unique challenge in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), requiring specialised techniques to achieve successful revascularisation. Despite the complexity, PCI in CTO cases has evolved significantly, showing promising outcomes. Objectives: To assess percutaneous coronary intervention's clinical and angiographic outcomes in chronic total occlusion patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at NICVD Karachi, Pakistan, following approval from the hospital's ethical committee. It reviewed the medical records of 150 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) from January 2024 to July 2024. Data was collected retrospectively from electronic medical records, including demographic details (age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidities), baseline clinical characteristics (presentation, symptoms, angina status, and prior cardiac history), and angiographic data (pre- and post-procedural findings, including the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade). Clinical outcomes were assessed for both short-term and long-term results, including major adverse cardiac events (MACE) such as myocardial infarction, repeat revascularisation, target lesion revascularisation, and all-cause mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 25. Results: 150 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 54.81±8.97 years. The cohort included 54.7% males (82 patients) and 45.3% females (68 patients). Before PCI, 87.3% of patients (131) had no blood flow in the occluded artery, while 12.7% (19) had minimal flow. Post-PCI, 91.3% (137 patients) achieved full blood flow (TIMI Flow Grade 3), and 8.7% (13 patients) had partial flow. The procedural success rate was 91.3%. In terms of short-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE), 116(77.3%) patients had no events, while 22.7% (34 patients) experienced a myocardial infarction (MI). For long-term MACE, 84.0% (126 patients) had no adverse events, 10.0% (15 patients) required target lesion revascularisation, 4.7% (7 patients) underwent repeat revascularisation, and 1.3% (2 patients) experienced mortality. Conclusion: This study confirms the efficacy and safety of PCI for CTO patients, demonstrating high procedural success rates, significant clinical improvements, and relatively low long-term adverse events. However, advancing procedural techniques and fostering specialised training are essential to enhance patient outcomes due to the risks and complexities involved. Further research, including large-scale randomised controlled trials, is needed to validate these results and refine patient selection and management strategies for CTO PCI.