Advances in Targeted Therapy for Cancer: Precision Medicine Approaches

Advances in targeted therapy and precision medicine have revolutionized cancer treatment by focusing on therapies that specifically address the molecular and genetic abnormalities driving tumor growth. This review explores the mechanisms underlying targeted therapies, including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and gene editing technologies. The integration of precision medicine, which tailors treatments based on detailed molecular profiling of tumors, has led to significant breakthroughs such as next-generation inhibitors, improved antibody-drug conjugates, and innovative RNA-based therapies. Despite these advances, challenges such as resistance mechanisms, adverse effects, and high costs remain. Future directions include the incorporation of artificial intelligence for drug discovery, expansion of precision oncology, and development of novel therapeutic modalities. A comprehensive literature review and expert consultation to synthesize current advancements and identify future research opportunities was utilised in writing this review article. This article aims to provide insights into how targeted therapy and precision medicine are transforming cancer treatment and outlines the path forward for achieving more effective and personalized cancer care. Keywords: Targeted Therapy, Precision Medicine, Genomic Profiling, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), Artificial Intelligence.