Data from Tobacco Smoke is a Major Source of Aromatic Amine Exposure in U.S. Adults: 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

AbstractBackground: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. Aromatic amines (AAs) are found in cigarette smoke and are well-established human bladder carcinogens. Methods: We measured and compared total urinary levels of 1-aminonaphthalene (1AMN), 2-aminonaphthalene (2AMN), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4ABP) in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively and in adult nonusers of tobacco products from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized U.S. population in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: Sample-weighted geometric mean concentrations of AAs in adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively compared to adult nonusers were 30 times higher for 1AMN and 4-6 times higher for 2AMN and 4ABP. We evaluated the association of tobacco-smoke exposure with urinary AAs using sample-weighted multiple linear regression models to control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, diet, and urinary creatinine. Secondhand smoke exposure status was categorized using serum cotinine (SCOT) among adult nonusers (SCOT≤10 ng/mL). The exposure for adults who smoked cigarettes exclusively (SCOT>10 ng/mL) was categorized based on the average number of self-reported cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in the five days prior to urine collection. The regression models show AAs concentration increased with increasing CPD (p