Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of ethanolic extract of Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill

Abstract Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating inflammatory disorder characterized by an overactive immune system targeting joints, leading to inflammation and intense pain. While current RA therapies effectively alleviate symptoms, they are often associated with significant side effects. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of an Ethanolic Extract of Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill (EEMS) using animal models. Results The acute toxicity study with EEMS (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) on rats showed no toxicity or mortality up to the highest dose. Inflammation was induced using carrageenan, and rats were treated with varying doses of EEMS (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and diclofenac to assess anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-arthritic efficacy was evaluated using Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation, comparing EEMS to methotrexate. The results revealed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of EEMS and a reversal of arthritic-induced weight loss in treated groups. Paw volume reduction was significant in both EEMS and methotrexate groups. Biochemical analyses showed elevated markers in the arthritic control group, which were normalized by EEMS and methotrexate. Notably, EEMS (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced cathepsin-D levels compared to the positive control. EEMS administration also lowered hepatic lipid peroxidation and increased endogenous antioxidants (SOD, GSH, and GPX). The 200 and 400 mg/kg doses reduced the iNOS/GADPH ratio, while the 400 mg/kg dose restored cellular and joint structure and significantly decreased IL1 levels. Conclusions In conclusion, EEMS demonstrated substantial protective effects, mitigating health risks associated with chronic inflammation such as arthritis. These findings underscore the ethnomedical potential of Myxopyrum serratulum as a promising anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis agent. The study suggests that EEMS could be a viable alternative or complementary therapy for RA, offering therapeutic benefits with potentially fewer side effects than current treatments.