Systematic Comparison of Extract Clean-Up with Currently Used Sorbents for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction

Dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) is a crucial step for multiresidue analysis used to remove matrix components from extracts. This purification prevents contamination of instrumental equipment and improves method selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Therefore, a clean-up step is recommended, but an over-purified extract can lead to analyte loss due to adsorption to the sorbent. This study provides a systematic comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the well-established dSPE sorbents PSA, GCB, and C18 and the novel dSPE sorbents chitin, chitosan, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and Z-Sep® (zirconium-based sorbent). They were tested regarding their clean-up capacity by visual inspection, UV, and GC-MS measurements. The recovery rates of 98 analytes, including pesticides, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and emerging environmental pollutants with a broad range of physicochemical properties, were determined by GC-MS/MS. Experiments were performed with five different matrices, commonly used in food analysis (spinach, orange, avocado, salmon, and bovine liver). Overall, Z-Sep® was the best sorbent regarding clean-up capacity, reducing matrix components to the greatest extent with a median of 50% in UV and GC-MS measurements, while MWCNTs had the largest impact on analyte recovery, with 14 analytes showing recoveries below 70%. PSA showed the best performance overall.