Resolving land use conflicts in developing photovoltaic

China is implementing ambitious solar energy development plans, with the goal of exceeding 2200–2800 GW by 2030. However, the development of solar energy necessitates substantial land use. An estimated 64,900 km 2 of land would be required, posing significant challenges, particularly in balancing energy production with environmental and agricultural priorities. Without a commitment to sustainable land management, the broader goal of sustainable development in renewable energy cannot be achieved. Our findings highlight the need for policies that ensure photovoltaic developments are compatible with environmental conservation and land preservation.