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Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) are essential polyunsaturated fats with well-established roles in human health, particularly in modulating inflammation and supporting immune function. Among the most studied ω-3 FAs are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are primarily derived from marine sources such as fish oil. These fatty acids exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by influencing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, eicosanoids, and prostaglandins. Additionally, ω-3 FAs promote the resolution of inflammation by generating specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators like resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Their immunomodulatory effects are evident in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. EPA and DHA enhance the phagocytic capacity of macrophages, improve T-cell function, and modulate B-cell activity. This review critically examines the molecular mechanisms by which ω-3 FAs influence inflammation and immune function, highlighting their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Lastly, recommendations for optimal intake of ω-3 FAs and potential areas for future research are discussed. Keywords: Omega-3 fatty acids; Inflammation; Immune function; Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
M. H. (Fri,) studied this question.