Human GM-CSF/IL-3 enhance tumor immune infiltration in humanized HCC patient-derived xenografts

Background however, response rates remain low with no clear predictors of response to guide patient selection. In this context, animal models that recapitulate human disease are greatly needed. Leveraging xenograft tumors derived from patients with unresectable HCCs and a commercially available immunodeficient mouse strain that expresses human GM-CSF and IL-3, we demonstrate a novel but accessible approach for modeling the HCC tumor microenvironment.