Recent Advancements in Federated Learning: State of the Art, Fundamentals, Principles, IoT Applications and Future Trends

Federated learning (FL) is creating a paradigm shift in machine learning by directing the focus of model training to where the data actually exist. Instead of drawing all data into a central location, which raises concerns about privacy, costs, and delays, FL allows learning to take place directly on the device, keeping the data safe and minimizing the need for transfer. This approach is especially important in areas like healthcare, where protecting patient privacy is critical, and in industrial IoT settings, where moving large numbers of data is not practical. What makes FL even more compelling is its ability to reduce the bias that can occur when all data are centralized, leading to fairer and more inclusive machine learning outcomes. However, it is not without its challenges—particularly with regard to keeping the models secure from attacks. Nonetheless, the potential benefits are clear: FL can lower the costs associated with data storage and processing, while also helping organizations to meet strict privacy regulations like GDPR. As edge computing continues to grow, FL’s decentralized approach could play a key role in shaping how we handle data in the future, moving toward a more privacy-conscious world. This study identifies ongoing challenges in ensuring model security against adversarial attacks, pointing to the need for further research in this area.