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Hybrid tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their crucial role in all-perovskite tandem cells for surpassing the efficiency limit of single-junction solar cells. However, the easy oxidation of Sn2+ and fast crystallization of Sn-based perovskite present significant challenges for achieving high-quality hybrid Sn-Pb perovskite films, thereby limiting the device's performance and stability. Herein, an all-in-one additive, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid hydrochloride (AMPH) is proposed, which can function as a reducing agent to suppress the formation of Sn4+ throughout the film preparation. Furthermore, the strong binding between AMPH and Sn-based precursor significantly slows down the crystallization process, resulting in a high-quality film with enhanced crystallinity. The remaining AMPH and its oxidation products within the film contribute to improves oxidation resistance and a substantial reduction in defect density, specifically Sn vacancies. Benefiting from the multifunctionalities of AMPH, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.07% is achieved for single-junction narrow-bandgap perovskite solar cells. The best-performing monolithic all-perovskite tandem cell also exhibits a PCE of 28.73% (certified 27.83%), which is among the highest efficiency reported yet. The tandem devices can also retain over 85% of their initial efficiencies after 500 hours of continuous operation at the maximum power point under one-sun illumination.
Wang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.