Factors of formation of socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia in the Imperial period (mid-19th – early 20th centuries)

The article presents an analysis of the factors that shaped the socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia during the imperial period. It draws upon the biographies of leaders from tribal steppe aristocracies and subjects of socio-political discourse from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. It is established that the indigenous aristocracy in the circumstances of Russian colonization sought to preserve its status through contacts and merger with the imperial bureaucracy and state power. The policy of overcoming cultural differences in the practical activities of the imperial authorities was realized in relation to the indigeneous population by means of addressing Russian educational practices to the steppe aristocracy, which was considered as a tool of its incorporation into society. At the same time, the identity of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was formed in the sphere of influence of Russian educational institutions, had a dual character, which was conditioned by the complex socio-political and cultural context of internal colonization: the resettlement movement in the Steppe region, liberal reforms and counter-reforms, the growth of social consciousness, political and national radicalism. Being included in the system of administrative, military, socio-political processes taking place in the Russian Empire in the period under study, performing the functions of imperial experts and demonstrating servility to the state regime, representatives of the aristocratic elite were acutely aware of their involvement in the culture and behavior strategies of their compatriots, which contributed to the spread of anti-colonial, partly anti-Russian sentiments, strengthening national identity.