Strategizing sustainable food security in Saudi Arabia: A policy and scenario approach to agricultural resilience

Saudi Arabia confronts major challenges in ensuring food security amid sustainability constraints that are exacerbated by freshwater scarcity and a dependency on food imports. This study seeks to holistically assess the Kingdom's agricultural landscape in light of its Vision 2030 objectives as well as broader global sustainability initiatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Drawing from a review of agricultural reports, including the 2015 Agricultural Census and Agricultural Production Survey Publications spanning 2018–2021, the research relies on a two-pronged methodology focused on scenario and policy analyses. By envisioning possible future agricultural scenarios grounded in present-day data and contrasting Saudi Arabia's efforts with global examples, we provide comprehensive policy and extension service recommendations. A separate focus has been placed on technological modernization and the key role of agricultural extensions in actualizing policy directives. The study culminates by discussing areas of concern for Saudi Arabia's agricultural sector, complemented with constructive suggestions for deeper research pursuits. Our findings stress the significance of water-saving technology like hydroponics and greenhouse farming for efficient Saudi agriculture. Moreover, a strengthened, science-based extension system integrating policies with global sustainability goals is vital for climate-resilient food security. This research serves as a foundation for scholars and stakeholders aiming to navigate Saudi Arabia's path toward a sustainable and resilient food future.