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, temperature: 25-45 °C). Comparative analysis reveals that the T2FLC improves tracking efficiency by up to 5.2 % compared to T1FLC and 7.5 % compared to IC, while also achieving faster convergence, reduced steady-state error, and enhanced stability. These results highlight the significant potential of the MPPT-T2FLC in optimizing energy extraction and improving the reliability of PV systems operating under dynamic environmental conditions.
Belhadj et al. (Thu,) studied this question.