Migrants, Violence, and Discrimination in Early Modern Holland

Abstract This study examines the experiences of migrants in early modern Dutch cities, focusing on violence and indications of social tensions in criminal cases from 1680 to 1810. Despite the prevailing notion of harmonious coexistence, migrants, comprising a significant portion of urban residents, faced stigmatization and bias. The research focuses on Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Leiden, major economic centers witnessing high immigration rates. Whereas existing studies suggest migrants faced similar treatment in courts, this article challenges such notions. It explores tensions and conflicts in violence-related cases, revealing subtle forms of discrimination against immigrants. Through quantitative analysis and case studies, it uncovers differential treatment in the reporting of violence, court sentencing, and procedures. The findings reveal that while the overall patterns of violent crime were similar between local and immigrant offenders, immigrants were disproportionately accused of more serious offenses. Moreover, immigrants faced differential treatment in the judicial system, including harsher interrogation methods, limited opportunities for settlement, and a higher likelihood of expulsion and corporal punishment. The study highlights the complex interplay between immigration, social tensions, and discriminatory practices in early modern Dutch cities. It underscores the need for further research to fully understand the extent of discrimination against immigrants in historical criminal justice systems, advocating for a nuanced approach that combines quantitative analysis with qualitative examination of individual cases.