Intracardiac flow dynamics in mitral regurgitation: state of the art

Intracardiac flow dynamics is a complex phenomenon interrelated with cardiac mechanics. Today, it can be evaluated non-invasively using various imaging modalities, including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. This review explores the effects of mitral regurgitation on blood flow dynamics inside the left ventricular and atrial cavities and emphasizes the disruption of normal flow dynamics caused by mitral regurgitation, leading to turbulent flow and increased energy dissipation. It further examines the consequences of mitral valve repair and replacement, noting that, while repair generally improves intracardiac flow dynamics compared with replacement, residual flow disturbances may persist. Finally, the implications of abnormal intracardiac vorticity on left ventricular wall stress, myocardial remodelling, and thromboembolic risk are discussed.