Cluster-Based Protection Mechanisms for Coastal Traditional Villages: A Complex Network Analysis Approach with a Case Study of Rongcheng, Shandong Province (Part 1)

Traditional villages are intricate socio-spatial systems shaped by multi-scalar interactions encompassing natural, cultural, and hierarchical dimensions. Despite their significant cultural and ecological value, conventional unit-based conservation methods often overlook systemic interdependencies within and between villages, leading to spatial fragmentation, inefficient resource utilization, and the erosion of distinct cultural identities. To address these limitations, this study proposes a cluster-based protection framework, integrating complex network theory with GIS-supported spatial network analysis. Focusing on Rongcheng’s coastal villages in Shandong Province, the research develops a multi-scale analytical model, incorporating macro-regional clusters, meso-level village group dynamics, and micro-unit cultural nodes. By leveraging clustering effects, the model enhances connectivity, cultural synergies, and network resilience. The findings offer a systematic and scalable conservation strategy, providing actionable insights to align heritage preservation with regional development and ecological sustainability, while ensuring broad applicability across diverse geographical and cultural contexts.