Liver transplantation as a treatment for cancer: comprehensive review

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation for cancer indications has gained momentum in recent years. This review is intended to optimize the care setting of liver transplant candidates by highlighting current indications, technical aspects and barriers with available solutions to facilitate the guidance of available strategies for healthcare professionals in specialized centres. METHODS: A review of the most recent relevant literature was conducted for all the cancer indications of liver transplantation including colorectal cancer liver metastases, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic epitheloid haemangioendothelioma. RESULTS: Transplant benefit from the best available evidence, including SECA I, SECA II, TRANSMET studies for colorectal liver metastases, various preoperative protocols for cholangiocarcinoma patients, standard, extended selection criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours, are discussed. Innovative approaches to deal with organ shortages, including machine-perfused deceased grafts, living donor liver transplantation and RAPID procedures, are also explored. CONCLUSION: Cancer indications for liver transplantation are here to stay, and the selection criteria among all cancer groups are likely to evolve further with improved prognostication of tumour biology using adjuncts such as radiomics, cancer genomics, and circulating DNA and RNA status. International prospective registry-based studies could overcome the limitations of smaller patient cohorts and lack of level 1 evidence.