Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for post-stroke depression in stroke survivors: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for managing post-stroke depression and identify the characteristics of optimal interventions. Data Sources Eight English databases and two Chinese databases were searched from inception to February 2025, alongside grey literature. Methods Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or pilot/feasibility RCTs. Study quality was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Meta-analyses used Review Manager 5.3 when feasible; otherwise, narrative syntheses were conducted. Certainty of evidence was assessed via the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Results Seventeen studies (1297 stroke survivors) were included. Two had a low risk of bias, two had a high risk, and 13 had some concerns. Meta-analyses showed cognitive-behavioural intervention had significant short-term effects (< one month) on depressive symptoms versus control (standardised mean difference SMD: −0.63, 95% CI: −1.00 to −0.26, p < 0.001, I 2 = 81%; 7 studies; 693 participants). Cognitive-behavioural interventions without cognitive restructuring showed significant short-term (effect size ES = 0.52–1.08) and medium-term (1–6 months) effects ( ES = 0.73–1.71). Preliminary evidence suggested that exercise with music, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness meditation, and aromatherapy also improve depressive symptoms versus control. Conclusion Non-pharmacological interventions, including cognitive-behavioural intervention, exercise, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness meditation, and aromatherapy, could improve post-stroke depressive symptoms. However, with very low evidence certainty, further rigorous RCTs are needed.