Potential role of polydatin in treating diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related chronic complications

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with severe complications affecting various organs, including the kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Managing these complications remains a significant clinical challenge, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on polydatin, a naturally occurring glycoside from Polygonum cuspidatum, highlighting its potential as a multitargeted therapeutic agent against diabetic complications. Evidence indicates that polydatin effectively improves insulin sensitivity, lowers blood glucose levels, and exhibits antioxidant properties. In diabetic nephropathy, polydatin has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and podocyte apoptosis, thereby preserving renal function. Furthermore, it enhances mitochondrial function and Sirt1 expression in diabetic neuropathy, promoting nerve regeneration and alleviating pain. In cardiac studies, polydatin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by enhancing autophagy and reducing oxidative stress, ultimately improving cardiac function. Additionally, polydatin restores endothelial function in vascular complications associated with diabetes. Polydatin presents a promising natural therapy with the potential to mitigate multiple complications of diabetes through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects. Although findings from animal models and in vitro studies are promising, further clinical research is essential to validate its efficacy and safety in human subjects. By integrating polydatin into diabetes management strategies, there is potential for improved health outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by this chronic condition.