Analysis of Heavy Metals Levels in Milk and Dairy Products and Assessing the Associated Health Risks

Abstract: Milk has long been recognized globally as a vital and comprehensive source of nutrition. However, heavy metals and metalloids in milk have become a significant global concern. These metalloids, originating from the soil due to natural geological processes and various human activities, are transferred into animal feed and accumulate in milk through bio transfer processes. These contaminants enter the food chain through the bio-transfer process from soil to feed and milk. The primary metalloids of concern include arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). This study examines the levels of heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and fat and protein content in milk and dairy products, alongside assessing their potential health risks. It compares the findings to international safety and quality standards. Furthermore, it evaluates the possible health effects of consuming these products, particularly for vulnerable groups. The study aims to ensure milk and dairy products' safety, quality, and nutritional value while minimizing health risks.