The future of green mobility: A review exploring renewable energy systems integration in electric vehicles

• Renewable Energy for EV Charging – Integrating solar, wind, and hydropower with EV charging reduces grid dependency and emissions, aided by smart charging and V2G systems. • Technical Challenges – Issues like renewable energy intermittency and grid stability require solutions like decentralized storage and bi-directional energy transfer. • Economic supportive regulations and smart grid investments are needed. • Emerging Technologies – AI, blockchain-based energy trading, and smart charging optimize energy use, reduce peak loads, and improve integration. • Future Outlook – Research on hybrid renewable models, large-scale V2G, and better storage is crucial, along with pilot projects and policy reforms. The rapid increase in electric vehicle (EV) adoption has created an urgent need for effective and sustainable charging infrastructure. Integrating renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower into EV charging systems presents a viable solution to reduce carbon emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. This study explores the optimal incorporation of renewable energy into EV charging facilities to enhance energy efficiency and facilitate the transition toward low-carbon mobility. Through an extensive literature review, the research examines diverse approaches, including smart charging, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, and next-generation energy storage solutions. These technologies not only improve renewable energy utilization at charging stations but also enhance grid stability through bi-directional energy transfer and mitigation of renewable energy intermittency. Key findings reveal that renewable-powered EV charging systems significantly reduce grid dependency and emissions. However, challenges such as technical integration, economic feasibility, and regulatory barriers persist. Smart charging and V2G infrastructure are essential for balancing energy demand and supply, while advanced energy storage systems enhance resilience. Nonetheless, high initial infrastructure costs, policy constraints, and grid reliability concerns hinder widespread implementation. This study emphasizes the need for further research on innovative models, pilot projects, and supportive policies to address these challenges. Future efforts should focus on scalable integration methods and mass-market applications to enable the widespread deployment of renewable-powered EV charging systems, paving the way for a low-carbon and sustainable transportation future.