Weed control is vital in agriculture, as weeds can reduce crop yields by 30–40%. Common weeding methods include manual, chemical, mechanical, and precision techniques. Manual tools such as khurpi, grubber, spade, wheel hoe, and push-pull weeders provide high weeding efficiency (72–99%) but are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and offer very low field capacity (0.001–0.033 ha/h). Chemical weeding is widely adopted due to its cost-effectiveness but has drawbacks like environmental pollution, food safety risks, and ecological imbalance due to overuse. With rising demand for toxicant-free and organic food, mechanical weed control is gaining importance. It enhances soil aeration, improves water retention, suppresses weeds, and is safe for crops. Mechanized tools such as tractor-operated finger weeders, torsion weeders, ECO weeders, flame weeders, and harrows are increasingly used for inter- and intra-row weeding, especially in crops with wider spacing. Technological advancements have led to automated and precision weeding systems using sensors, microcontrollers, and computing technologies for intelligent field operations. These systems reduce labor dependency, minimize physical strain, and improve efficiency. Sensor-based tools and automation enhance weed control through targeted action. Future technologies include remote sensing, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, and robotics, which ensure precise, environmentally safe agrochemical applications. Integrated weed management combining automation and sustainability offers a comprehensive, eco-friendly approach to modern weed control challenges.
Choudhary et al. (Mon,) studied this question.