Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the wet phosphoric acid (WPA) production pro-cess. Since PG originates from phosphate rock (PR), it holds various concentrations of heavy metal and radionuclide posing environmental threat because of its large production and long-term accumulation. In addition to toxic heavy metals, PG may also be an alter-native source of rare earth elements (REEs), since over 60 % REEs in PR stays in PG during acid digestion. With the increasing demand of phosphoric acid (PA), global PG generation is approaching 300 million tons annually. Since 1994, an estimated 6.73 billion tons of PG has been produced worldwide with approximately 58% (approx. 3.7 billion tons) ending up in stacks. Assuming a conservative REEs content of 0.1%, these stacks may hold over 3.7 million tons of REEs. This review discusses phosphoric acid production processes and the transfer of REEs from PR to PG. In addition, it also discusses the current REEs world reserves, their presence in primary and secondary sources and their uses. The review crit-ically evaluates the research that has been done so far and the recent innovations in REE recovery from PG and discusses the challenges associated with scalability and raw mate-rial variability.
Khalil et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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