Societal challenges to ensure energy security: A systematic critical review of the concept, indicators, and low-carbon transition policies

Energy security is gaining growing recognition as a key pillar of societal development, shaping not only economic growth and social stability but also broader geopolitical and environmental considerations. Initially confined to concerns of resource availability, affordability, and reliability, the concept has expanded to address complex, interrelated challenges, including resilience, sustainability, and equity. This article provides a systematic critical review of the measures of energy security, delving into its evolving conceptualization and diverse assessment frameworks, drawing attention to the increasing importance of integrating social dimension. Through a comparative analysis of existing energy security indices, this paper identifies gaps and inconsistencies that limit comprehensive measurement and actionable policy development. Furthermore, it examines the intersection between energy security, climate change, and low-carbon policies, underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of these issues and their implications for effective policymaking. In contributing to the ongoing discourse, this study enhances our understanding of energy security's role in fostering sustainable, equitable, and resilient energy systems amidst global environmental and geopolitical uncertainties. Insights for decision-makers and researchers aiming to enhance energy security while advancing an equitable, low-carbon transition are offered.