NRP1 and GFAP Expression in the Medulloblastoma Microenvironment: Implications for Angiogenesis and Tumor Progression

Background/Objectives: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Its tumor microenvironment (TME) includes endothelial, glial, and immune cells that influence tumor architecture and progression. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a co-receptor for semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is expressed in various cell types during oncogenesis, yet its role in MB progression remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and localization of NRP1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in MB tissue. Methods: We analyzed MB tissue samples using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative PCR. Samples were stratified by molecular subgroup (WNT, SHH, non-WNT/non-SHH). We assessed NRP1 expression in tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) and endothelial cells, as well as GFAP expression in astrocytes and tumor cells. Histopathological correlations and survival analyses were also conducted. Results: NRP1 was consistently expressed by TAMs across all MB molecular subgroups. Tumor vasculature showed strong endothelial NRP1 expression, while perivascular astrocytic coverage was frequently absent. Astrocytic processes exhibited spatial differences according to tumor histology. In SHH-MBs, a subset of tumor cells showed aberrant GFAP expression, which correlated with tumor recurrence or progression. Conclusions: NRP1 and GFAP display distinct expression patterns within the MB microenvironment, reflecting subgroup-specific biological behavior. Endothelial NRP1 positivity combined with limited vascular-astrocytic interaction and aberrant GFAP expression in SHH-MB may contribute to dysregulated angiogenesis and tumor progression. These findings warrant further investigation to explore their prognostic and therapeutic implications.