Toward closed-loop hydrometallurgy: A critical review of wastewater reuse strategies for end-of-life LiFePO4 battery recycling

Key Points

• Adopting wastewater reuse in hydrometallurgy can enhance the sustainability of LiFePO4 battery recycling efforts.
• Strategic wastewater management may lower costs and improve recycling efficiency for end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries.
• Hydrometallurgical processes using wastewater can potentially minimize environmental impacts, paving the way for better resource recovery.
• Technological advancements in hydrometallurgy are crucial for enabling closed-loop systems in battery recycling practices.