Multi-omics exploration of chaperone-mediated immune-proteostasis crosstalk in vascular dementia and identification of diagnostic biomarkers

Introduction Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most prevalent form of dementia globally, remains insufficiently understood in terms of its molecular mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers. This study aims to elucidate the regulatory network and diagnostic potential of the molecular chaperone system in VaD through the integration of multi-omics data and machine learning algorithms. Methods Transcriptomic data from frontal and temporal cortex (GSE122063, n=15)and white matter (GSE282111, n=8) samples were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma package (log2FC0.656, p 0.05). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using the STRING database. Biomarker validation was performed through cross-validation using LASSO, SVM-RFE, and Random Forest algorithms. Immune microenvironment analysis was conducted using CIBERSORT, while single-cell transcriptomics was analyzed within the Seurat framework. Results A total of 897 DEGs were identified, with functional enrichment analysis revealing significant involvement in T cell activation ( p= 2.84×10 -3 ), neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction ( p= 6.01×10 -4 ), and osteoclast differentiation (NES=2.83). PPI network analysis identified HSP90AA1, HSPA1B, and DNAJB1 as core hub genes (degree centrality 20). Machine learning validation demonstrated their combined exceptional diagnostic efficacy (AUC=0.963, F1 = 0.88). Immune analysis revealed that this molecular chaperone axis modulates neuroinflammation by suppressing naive B cell differentiation (61% reduction) and activating Tregs (55.53% increase). Single-cell resolution analysis showed HSP90AA1 to be specifically overexpressed in oligodendrocytes (72.23%), significantly correlating with glial depletion (4.56% decrease in oligodendrocytes, p 0.01) and aberrant neuronal proliferation (144.23% increase, p= 0.0032). In vivo experiments utilized a bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model to simulate human vascular dementia (VaD), with further validation through Morris water maze testing. The BCAS group exhibited significantly upregulated mRNA expression of HSP90AA1 , HSPA1B , and DNAJB1 , consistent with integrated bioinformatics analysis results. Conclusion This study elucidates the HSP90AA1-HSPA1B-DNAJB1 network as a key driver of VaD pathogenesis through dual mechanisms of protein homeostasis and immune reprogramming. The diagnostic performance of this network significantly surpasses traditional biomarkers (ΔAUC≥14.3%), offering novel targets for precision diagnostics and therapeutics. However, further validation with larger cohorts is necessary to assess its clinical translational potential.