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September 10, 2025Open Access

The Influence of Halloysite Clay on the Properties of the Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)/Sawdust, PBS/Sugarcane Bagasse, and PBS/Sawdust/Sugarcane Bagasse Hybrid Composites

Key Points

Incorporating halloysite and expandable graphite improved the stiffness and viscosity of PBS composites.
Morphological analysis revealed poor interfacial adhesion between polybutylene succinate and natural fibres.
Crystallization temperatures of PBS composites increased with fillers, with expandable graphite showing superior nucleation efficiency.
Mechanical properties such as toughness and impact resilience decreased due to increased stiffness and poor adhesion.

Abstract

In this study, the influences of natural fibres (sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sawdust (SD)) on the material properties of polybutylene succinate (PBS) prepared through melt compounding were investigated. The study further evaluated the effects of incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HS) and expandable graphite (EG) on the properties of PBS/SD and PBS/SB binary and PBS/SB/SD hybrid composites. The morphological analysis indicated poor interfacial adhesion between PBS and the fibres. The obtained findings indicated enhancements in the complex viscosity of PBS in the presence of natural fibres, and further improvements in the presence of HS and EG. The stiffness of PBS hybrid composites also increased upon the addition of HS and EG. Moreover, the crystallization temperatures of PBS increased in the presence of fillers, with EG showing better nucleation efficiency. However, the mechanical properties (toughness and impact resilience) decreased due to the increased stiffness of the composites and the poor interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fillers, indicating the need to pre-treat the fibres to enhance compatibility. Overall, the material properties of PBS/SD/SB hybrid composites were enhanced by incorporating HS and EG at low concentrations.

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