The rapid increase in energy consumption necessitated innovative solutions for sustainable energy management, particularly in households. This research advanced innovative energy solutions by addressing challenges in current systems, such as high costs and complexity. The proposed system enabled homeowners to monitor their energy usage, reduce expenses, and implement energy-saving strategies. It also offered significant potential for scalability, allowing for integration with renewable energy sources and IoT platforms, thus highlighting its importance in sustainable energy management. This system enabled users to track their energy consumption effectively. Researchers employed an experimental design to create, develop, and evaluate the system's performance. The system was calibrated using standard measuring tools and tested over 15 days, comparing its readings against utility meters and the ThingSpeak platform. The results indicated a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of under 5% for all measured variables, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability. Voltage measurements exhibited an error of just 0.09%. While the current and energy readings were slightly less precise, they remained acceptable, with errors of 3.54% and 3.20%, respectively. This study contributed to the advancement of innovative energy solutions by tackling issues such as high costs and complexity in existing systems. The new system empowered homeowners to monitor their energy usage, reduce expenses, and adopt energy-saving practices. It was adaptable to various needs and had the potential for integration with renewable energy sources and IoT platforms, underscoring its critical role in sustainable energy management.
Bayotas et al. (Fri,) studied this question.