Two-dimensional material-based devices for in-sensor computing

Abstract In-sensor computing (ISC) integrates sensing, memory, and processing at the point of data acquisition, enabling real-time, low-power operation. Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer unique advantages for ISC due to their atomic thickness and multifunctional properties. This review highlights 2D material-based ISC devices, covering mechanisms, performance, and architectures, and discusses challenges and solutions toward scalable fabrication and practical deployment in emerging technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), analog computing, and motion detection.