This review focuses on the critical role of human factors in the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into urology. Whilst AI holds promise for enhancing diagnostics, surgical precision and personalised care, its success depends considerably on the cognitive, physical and psychosocial dimensions of human interaction with these systems. Key human factors, such as cognitive load, trust, collaboration and communication, directly influence the adoption and effectiveness of AI technologies. For instance, clinicians must balance leveraging AI's insights with maintaining critical thinking to avoid automation bias. The design and ergonomics of AI tools, and their seamless integration into clinical workflows, play pivotal roles in optimising efficiency and minimising disruptions. Psychosocial elements like transparency, team dynamics and patient-centric communication are vital to fostering trust and ensuring ethical use of AI in sensitive contexts. Training and continuous professional development tailored to human factors are essential to empower clinicians to work effectively alongside AI. Ethical considerations, including accountability and fairness, further emphasise the need for transparent processes and diverse datasets to address algorithmic biases. This review highlights the path toward a responsible and patient-centred integration of AI in urology by prioritising human factors, ultimately bridging the gap between technological innovation and compassionate healthcare delivery.
Altunhan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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