Distributed Online Voltage Control with Feedback Delays Under Coupled Constraints for Distribution Networks

High penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation presents new challenges for voltage regulation in distribution networks (DNs), primarily due to output intermittency and constrained reactive power capabilities. This paper introduces a distributed voltage control method leveraging reactive power compensation from PV inverters. Instead of relying on centralized computation, the proposed method allows each inverter to make local decisions using real-time voltage measurements and delayed communication with neighboring PV nodes. To account for practical asynchronous communication and feedback delay, a Distributed Online Primal–Dual Push–Sum (DOPP) algorithm that integrates a fixed-step delay model into the push–sum coordination framework is developed. Through extensive case studies on a modified IEEE 123-bus system, it has been demonstrated that the proposed method maintains robust performance under both static and dynamic scenarios, even in the presence of fixed feedback delays. Specifically, in static scenarios, the proposed strategy rapidly eliminates voltage violations within 50–100 iterations, effectively regulating all nodal voltages into the acceptable range of 0.95, 1.05 p.u. even under feedback delays with a delay step of 10. In dynamic scenarios, the proposed strategy ensures 100% voltage compliance across all nodes, demonstrating superior voltage regulation and reactive power coordination performance over conventional droop and incremental control approaches.