Opportunities and Challenges of Holistic Education in Secondary Schools

General Background: Holistic education has emerged as a promising pedagogical approach that addresses not only cognitive development but also emotional, social, physical, and spiritual dimensions of learners. Specific Background: In the dynamic context of 21st-century education, this model is seen as essential in shaping students' character and competence, particularly at the secondary level. Knowledge Gap: However, prior research has focused primarily on conceptual discussions or early education settings, with limited analysis of its practical implementation and sustainability in secondary schools. Aims: This study aims to systematically review the opportunities and challenges of implementing holistic education at the secondary level and to offer evidence-based recommendations for its strategic development. Results: Using the PRISMA method with 69 selected Scopus-indexed articles, the study identified core challenges such as lack of policy support, insufficient infrastructure, digitalization barriers, and teacher readiness, while also highlighting key opportunities including enhanced spirituality, environmental literacy, and inclusive curriculum design. Novelty: This research provides a comprehensive mapping of holistic education through Miller's framework, emphasizing diagnostic tools and multicultural adaptability. Implications: The findings inform policymakers and educators about effective strategies to implement sustainable holistic education, promoting students’ multidimensional growth in response to global and technological shifts.Highlight : Holistic education emphasizes emotional, social, physical, and spiritual development of students. Implementation faces challenges such as policy gaps, teacher readiness, and limited infrastructure. Requires strategic design, inclusive support, and adaptation to modern educational dynamics. Keywords : Education, Holistic, Student, Curriculum Policy, Secondary Education