Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessive parathyroid hormone production, typically due to adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma. Preoperative imaging plays a critical role in guiding surgical planning, particularly in selecting patients for minimally invasive procedures. While first-line imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy, are standard, advanced second-line imaging modalities like 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT (FCH-PET) and four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) have emerged as valuable tools when initial diagnostics are inconclusive. Methods: This article provides an updated review and recommendations of the role of these advanced imaging techniques in localizing parathyroid adenomas. Results: FCH-PET has shown exceptional sensitivity (94% per patient, 96% per lesion) and is particularly useful in detecting small or ectopic adenomas. Despite its higher sensitivity, it can yield false positives, particularly in the presence of thyroid disease. On the other hand, 4D-CT offers detailed anatomical imaging, aiding in the identification of parathyroids in challenging cases, including recurrent disease and ectopic glands. Studies suggest that FCH-PET and 4D-CT exhibit similar diagnostic performance and could be complementary in preoperative planning of most difficult situations. Conclusions: This article also emphasizes a multimodal approach, where initial imaging is followed by advanced techniques only in cases of uncertainty. Although 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT is favored as a second-line option, 4D-CT remains invaluable for its high spatial resolution and ability to guide surgery in complex cases. Despite limitations in evidence, these imaging modalities significantly enhance the accuracy of parathyroid localization, contributing to more targeted and minimally invasive surgery.
Scerrino et al. (Mon,) studied this question.