Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains a prominent global health concern, involving intricate disruptions in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Over the past century, evolving research and clinical insights have reshaped understanding of this disease from its historical recognition in ancient medical texts to contemporary approaches informed by genomics and precision medicine. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune processes target pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, whereas Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) arises from insulin resistance and a progressive loss of beta-cell function. Advances in diagnostic methodologies, including continuous glucose monitoring, enhance the identification of glycemic variability, while comprehensive management strategies emphasize the synergy of pharmacologic agents, such as metformin and incretin-based therapies, with structured lifestyle interventions. However, persistent challenges remain: chronic hyperglycemia predisposes individuals to a host of microvascular and macrovascular complications, posing a substantial clinical and economic burden. Emerging therapeutic frontiers ranging from islet cell transplantation to CRISPR-mediated gene editing hold promise for transformative outcomes. Nonetheless, socioeconomic and cultural barriers continue to drive global disparities in access to optimal care. Future efforts must integrate innovative technologies, personalized treatment paradigms, and public health initiatives to address this pervasive metabolic disorder. By synthesizing cutting-edge scientific discoveries with patient-centered care, clinicians and researchers can work collaboratively to mitigate the escalating impact of diabetes on both individual lives and healthcare systems worldwide.
Jayasree et al. (Wed,) studied this question.